Juvenile Justice? Outcry Ignores Principles

The release of a rape convict -- who committed the crime when he was below 18 years -- on December 20 amidst high drama in New Delhi has triggered a public outcry and revived the debate over issues of juvenile justice.

One outcome of the protests against the release of the juvenile convict is that two days later, on December 22, India’s Parliament passed the Juvenile Justice Bill, under minors aged 16 to 18 will be tried as adults for heinous crimes such as rape, murder and terror-related acts. As political parties were divided over the provisions of this legislation, it could be passed by the Upper House of Parliament only now although it had been introduced in August 2014, and passed by the Lower House in May.

However, the debate over provisions of the Bill is unlikely to die down as social activists, legal luminaries and political parties continue be deeply divided on whether juveniles should be dealt with harshly under pressure of public sentiment.

In December 2012, the convict was one of a six in a gang that raped a 23-year-old student and brutally beat up her male companion in a bus in Delhi. The girl, known until recently as ‘Nirbhaya’ (meaning Fearless) died 15 days later. The incident provoked outrage across India and anger against the rapists, including the 17-year-old. There were protests with placards demanding death for the rapists.

All the six accused were arrested and charged with sexual assault and murder. One of them, Ram Singh, died in custody. The rest of were tried in a fast-track court. The juvenile was convicted of rape and murder and given the maximum sentence of three years' imprisonment in a reform facility. The remaining four adults, who were found guilty of rape and murder, were sentenced to death. The Delhi High Court, on appeal, upheld the lower court’s verdict.

In the aftermath, the government, lawmakers, the police and the judiciary came under great pressure to amend the Juvenile Justice Act of 2000 for more deterrent punishment to those guilty of rape and sexual violence. The parents of the girl, Jyoti Singh, who recently revealed her name to the public, have been in the forefront of the campaign opposing the convict’s release and demanding justice for her daughter. Sections of activists and political parties have also rallied to the cause.

However, not everyone supports this standpoint. There is another viewpoint that: offenders under 18 should be treated as juveniles with stress on reform and counselling; and, given, not the death sentence, but a second chance.

On December 20, when the convict was released, after undergoing the maximum punishment of three years in a correctional facility, he had served his term under the law. Although the law was amended by executive order, it was after his conviction and, therefore, not applicable in his case. Under the Indian Constitution, a criminal law cannot be amended with retrospective effect vide Article 20(1), which states: "No person shall be convicted of any offence except for violation of the law in force at the time of the commission of the act charged as an offence, nor be subjected to a penalty greater than that which might have been inflicted under the law in force at the time of the commission of the offence."

Expectedly then, the Supreme Court, on December 21, dismissed the Delhi Commission for Women’s plea for staying the convict’s release. The court said that everything was in accordance with the law. There is no legislative sanction to detain the juvenile in the December 16 gang rape and murder case. Three years is the maximum period for which the juvenile could be detained. "We share your concern but under existing law, detention cannot go beyond 3 years," the judges said.

The convict, now aged 20, has been taken to an NGO from a correction home in Delhi amid concerns that there was a threat to his life.

The sheer force of public sentiment in favour of extreme punishment is so overwhelming that the law is being ignored. Regardless of how painful this may be for the victim’s family and those outraged by the heinous crime, the fact is he was given the strongest punishment possible. He cannot be tried for the second time for the same crime under the same (amended) law and given a different sentence.

Public sentiment, outraged protests and popular demand cannot dictate the course of law and justice. Justice requires to be dispensed dispassionately, and the Supreme Court has upheld this principle that the law of the land shall prevail.

(The writer is an Indian journalist and commentator and has worked in both India and China.)